290534567: C) psychology is a broader field, covering all aspects of behavior and mental processes. My flash cards did not get unlocked for me to use. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. But later the cycle repeats itself. Ego. FEATURES• Updated to reflect the most recent iteration of the AP Psychology exam, the app puts highly relevant material right at your fingertips. someone who generally believes that luck and other forces outside of their control determines their destiny has an _____ ____ __ ____. Barron's AP Psychology, 8th Edition E-Z Psychology Product Format Comprehensive Test Prep Guide Psychology makes sense when you approach it the E-Z way! If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you. KEY TERMS. Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want! Stage theory. people who have rich fantasy lives, follow directions well, and are able to focus intensely on a single task for a long time are said to have ____ ________ ____________. ... Free will is an idea that has been embraced by humanistic psychology. This is a scam don’t buy unless you want to throw $5 in the toilet. FEATURES • Updated to reflect the most recent iteration of the AP Psychology exam, … • Organized according to the 14 categories of the AP Psychology exam - History & Approaches, Methods, Biological Bases of Behavior, Sensation & Perception, States of Consciousness, Learning, Cognition, Motivation & Emotion, Developmental Psychology, Personality, Testing & Individual Differences, Abnormal Psychology, Treatment of Psychological Disorders and Social Psychology - the app provides a comprehensive review. 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Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. ), carries signals from the retina to the thalamus --> visual cortex, defined spectrum of electromagnetic waves (between infrared and ultraviolet) that can be seen by humans as color, the first layer of cells on the retina activated by light, cells on the retina that respond to black and white, cells in the retina that are activated by color, an indentation at the very center of the retina that contains the highest concentration of cones where visible light is focused to get the clearest image, the spot where the optic nerve leaves the retina and has no rods or cones, where the left and right impulses from the retina cross to get to the appropriate hemisphere of the occipital lobe, dichromatic - when someone cannot see either red/green shades or blue/yellow shades, vibrations of air molecules that create energy traveling through the air, - # of times a wave passes a point in a certain amt of time, a structure of the inner ear shaped like a snail shell, - filled with fluid that is moved when the oval window vibrates, pinna --> ear canal --> eardrum --> ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) --> oval window --> cochlea --> cochlear fluid --> cilia --> organ of Corti, theory of pitch holding that hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies based on their location in the cochlea, theory of pitch holding that we sense pitch because hair cells fire at different rates (frequencies) in the cochlea, occurs when something goes wrong with the system of conduction of sound to the cochlea (ear canal, eardrum, ossicles, oval window), occurs when the hair cells in the cochlea are damaged --> typically by loud noise trauma, the sensation of the four different skin senses: cold, pain, pressure, warmth, the sensations of the different tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami with taste buds located on papillae on the tongue, the sensation of olfactory receptor cells in the nose linked to the olfactory bulb taking in chemical molecules of substances, tells us how our body is oriented in space, sense that gives us feedback about the position and orientation of specific body parts with receptors in our muscles and joins, the minimal amount of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time, a stimulus beneath the absolute threshold, difference threshold (just-noticeable difference), - the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before a change is detected, the idea that the difference threshold of a stimulus is proportional to the original intensity, perceiving by filling in the gaps in what we sense, a predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way, principles that govern how we perceive groups of objects, a perceptual decision our mind uses to make sense of a visual stimuli. Type B. understanding that an object does not actually change size (as it appears to) when moving closer or farther away, understanding that shapes of objects stay constant even though objects viewed through different angles produce different shapes on the retina, understanding that objects stay a constant color even if the light reflecting off of the object changes, - stroboscopic effect, phi phenomenon, autokinetic effect, ability to see the world as a 3D atmosphere, linear perspective, relative size, interposition, texture gradient, shadowing, our level of awareness of ourselves and our environment, (a belief of psychoanalytic psychologists) the events and feelings that are unacceptable to our conscious mind and are repressed, periodic, reversible, temporary loss of consciousness into another conscious level necessary for human survival, sleep onset --> stage between wakefulness and sleep, often not remembered, sleep disorder characterised by an inability to get to sleep or stay asleep at night, rare sleep disorder characterized by periods of intense sleepiness at unpredictable and inappropriate times, common, often undiagnosed sleep disorder where a person stops breathing during the night, wakes up and gasps for air, and continues to sleep, sleep disorder typical of younger children characterized by intense fear and anxiety during NREM 4 that the child does not remember the source of when they wake up, the storylike images we experience as we sleep, theory that dreams are a tool to uncover the repressed information in the unconscious mind, and they display wishes and unconscious desires in their manifest and latent content, theory that explains dreams as the brain's interpretations of what is happening physiologically during REM, dream theory that explains dreams as a way for the brain to deal with daily stress and information, a suggestion that a hypnotized person behave in a certain after he or she is brought out of hypnosis, explains hypnosis as a social phenomenon where someone with high hypnotic suggestibility will likely play the role of a hypnotized person when prompted. Access Free Barrons Ap Art History 3rd Edition Barrons Ap Art History 3rd Edition Thank you for reading barrons ap art history 3rd edition. that Carl Jung believed was evidenced in universal fears (like fear of the dark), neo-Freudian who emphasized the existence of a collective unconscious, someone who believes we can describe people's personalities by specifying their main characteristics or traits that are thought to be stable and motivate behavior, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and emotional stability (neuroticism), a statistical technique used to allow researchers to use correlations between traits to see which traits cluster together as factors, a measure of the amount of variation in a trait in a given population is due to genetics, typical emotional style and characteristic way someone deals with the world, triadic reciprocality or reciprocal determinism, concept that personality is created by an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person's behavior, one's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. We hope your visit has been a productive one. theory that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness where we are more suggestible and are less aware of certain sensations, theory that hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily, chemicals that change the chemistry of the brain and therefore the rest of the body, drugs that mimic neurotransmitters by fitting into receptors sites of a neuron and acting like the neurotransmitters normally would, drugs that block neurotransmitters by fitting into receptor sites on the neuron and preventing natural neurotransmitters from using that receptor site, a physiological change that produces a need for more of the same drug in order to achieve the same effect, intensely uncomfortable symptoms that occur when a user goes without a drug for a period of time, drugs that speed up body processes of the autonomic nervous system, drugs that slow down the autonomic nervous system, drugs that cause changes in perceptions of reality, cause sensory hallucinations, loss of identity, and vivid fantasies, drugs that act as agonists for endorphins; powerful painkillers and mood elevators, long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience (not due to developmental changes or biological maturation), the moment a behavior is learned (acquired), the tendency to respond to similar conditioned responses to the original CS, learning the difference between between similar CSs, the association of neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses that then causes a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus, the original stimulus that elicits a response --> something that elicits a natural, reflexive response, the natural, reflexive response caused by the unconditioned stimulus, response generated by the conditioned stimulus, neutral stimulus that, through repeated association with an unconditional stimulus, begins to elicit a conditioned response, after a conditioned response has been extinguished and the response briefly reappears upon presentation of the conditioned stimulus without further conditioning, conditioning to have a negative response to the conditioned stimulus, using an already conditioned stimulus as an unconditioned stimulus in order to condition the same response to a new stimulus, - developing a negative association with a food if you became sick after eating it, type of learning based on the association of consequences with one's behaviors, states that if a behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence it is likely to continue, and if it is followed by an aversive stimulus it is likely to weaken, a method of operantly conditioning animals, anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur, the addition of something pleasant to encourage a behavior to continue, the removal of something unpleasant to encourage a behavior to continue, anything that makes a behavior less likely, adding an aversive stimulus to encourage a behavior to weaken, the removal of something pleasant to make a behavior less likely, method to reinforce the steps used to reach the desired behavior, teaching subjects to perform a number of responses successively in order to get a reward, type of reinforcer that is in and of itself rewarding, type of reinforcer that is something we have learned to value and is not inherently rewarding, type of reinforcer that can be traded for virtually anything (money), application of generalized reinforcers used in prisons, mental institutions, and schools where tokens can be traded in for a variety of reinforcers, the idea that the reinforcing properties of something depends on the situation and the individual, the idea that if an already pleasurable behavior is rewarded, that behavior will weaken, reward a behavior every time it is performed, the tendency for behaviors to be more resistant to extinction if the subject has not been reinforced continuously, the tendency for animals to forgo rewards to pursue their typical (natural) patterns of behavior, learning by observation and imitation of a behavioral model, - learning that is displayed only when reinforcement is given for demonstrating it, - when one suddenly realizes the solution to a problem, type of cognitive learning that involves understanding abstract concepts in order to learn, studied insight learning with the rats in a maze experiment, behaviorist that studied aversive conditioning and classical conditioning in the Little Albert study, split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information, type of sensory memory where a split-second photograph of a scene is temporarily in your minds eye, the memories we are currently working with and are aware of in our consciousness, essentially unlimited storage space of memories in the mind, memories of specific events, stored in sequential series of events, general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially, memories of skills and how to perform them, conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember, implicit memories (nondeclarative memories), unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have, model of memory that explains why we remember what we do by examining how deeply the memory was processed or thought about, getting information out of memory so we can use it, type of retrieval; process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory, type of retrieval; retrieving a memory with an external cue, predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list, demonstrated by our ability to recall the items at the end of a list, - when recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a list, temporary inability to remember information --> partially explained by the semantic network theory, memory theory that states our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory, creating a web of interconnected memories, a vividly clear memory of emotionally significant moment or event, the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matches the mood we were in when the event happened, the phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in a particular states of consciousness, forgetting because we do not use a memory or connections to a memory for a long time, when other information in your memory competes with what you are trying to recall, older information learned previously interfering with the recall of information learned more recently, when learning new information interferes witht he recall of older information, the idea that neurons can strengthen connections between each other through repeated firings, leading to long-term memory, the smallest units of sound used in language, the smallest unit of meaningful sound in language, the grammar of a language; how words are used in a particular organized manner, the tendency to combine words with improper syntax in young children, a window of opportunity during which we must learn a skill or our development will permanently suffer, cognitive rules we apply to stimuli from our environment that allow us to categorize and think about the things we encounter, what we think is the most typical example of a particular concept, a rules that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method, a rule of thumb - a rule that is generally, but not always, true that we can use to make a judgement, judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that easily/initially come to mind, judging a situation based on how similar the aspects to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind, our tendency to maintain a belief even in the face of contradictory evidence, the tendency to fall into established thought patterns; using solution or past experience to try and solve novel problems, example of rigidity where people have an inability to see a new use for an object, tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is true, the way a problem is presented that can drastically change the way we view our ability to solve it, thinking that searches for multiple possible answers, feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal, revised the Pavlonian model of learning to include more cognitive, circumstantial factors, conducted the Bobo Doll experiments that showcased observational learning, automatic (inborn) behaviors performed in response to specific stimuli, the theory that our behavior is solely motivated by biological needs and resulting drives, a balanced internal state emphasized by the drive-reduction motivation theory, motivation theory that states we seek an optimum level of excitement/arousal, the concept that we perform best with an optimum level of arousal, which varies with different activities and difficulty levels, theory of motivation which states that people have a baseline state that motivates us to perform behaviors that keep us at that baseline, stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning and positive/negative associations, predicts which needs we will be motivated to satisfy first, part of the hypothalamus that causes an animal to stop eating, describes how the hypothalamus controls our hunger and metabolic rate, eating disorder characterized by eating large amounts of food in a short period of time (binging) and then getting rid of the food (purging), eating disorder characterized by starving oneself and refusing to eat because of an obsession with weight, eating disorder characterized by a BMI over 30 (being severely overweight), theory that explains why some are constantly motivated to challenge themselves, master complex tasks, reach personal goals, and figure out the world, motivation to reach a goal based on the external rewards (money, prizes, recognition, etc), motivation to reach a goal based on your personal, internal drive to succeed or want for enjoyment and satisfaction, conflict that occurs when you must choose between two desirable outcomes, conflict that occurs when you must choose between two unattractive outcomes, conflict that occurs when one event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features, conflicts in which you must choose between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features, theory of emotion that stated we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress, theory of emotion that theorized the biological change and the cognitive awareness of an emotional state occurs simultaneously, theory of emotion that demonstrates how emotion depends on the interaction between two factors: biology and cognition, describes the general response animals (including humans) have to a stressful event, psychologists that study how our behaviors and thoughts change over our entire lives (from birth to death), debate evaluating the influences of genetic factors and environmental factors on development, type of research common in developmental psychology that uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables may change over the life span, type of research common in developmental psychology that examines one group of participants over time, certain chemicals or agents that can cause harm to the fetus if ingested or contracted by a pregnant mother, displayed by children of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy, small, malformed skulls and intellectual disability are symptoms, specific, inborn automatic responses to certain specific stimuli, all human children follow the same basic motor skills in the same sequence (though the timing of each one may differ from person to person), reciprocal relationship between caregiver and child, - research conducted with baby monkeys that displayed the importance of physical comfort in establishing a secure attachment, - research conducted with babies and their parents to show the different types of attachment, in Mary Ainsworth's experiment; infants confidently explored their novel environment while the parents were present, were mildly distressed when they left, and were glad when their parent's returned, in Mary Ainsworth's experiment; infants who resisted being held by the parents and explored the novel environment, and did not go to their parents for comfort when they returned, in Mary Ainsworth's experiment; infants who had ambivalent reactions to their parents, showing extreme stress when the parents leave but resisting comfort once they return, parenting style with low warmth and high control, parenting style with high warmth and low control, parenting style with high warmth and high control, the debate evaluating if we develop continually, at a steady rate from birth to death, or discontinuously, with some periods of rapid development and relatively little development, - 1st stage of Freud's psychosexual model, - 2nd stage of Freud's psychosexual model, - 3rd stage of Freud's psychosexual model, - 4th stage of Freud's psychosexual model, - 5th stage of Freud's psychosexual model, Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory, neo-Freudian developmental theory with 8 stages emphasizing the influence of our experience with others, - stage of the psychosocial developmental theory, Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, famous 4-stage theory describing how children think about and evaluate the world in similar ways throughout their development, mental representation of how we expect the world to be, incorporating new experiences into existing schemata, changing schemata to fit new information in, - stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory, major challenge of the sensorimotor stage, inability of children in the preoperational stage to see the world from anyone's perspective but their own, the realization that properties of objects remain the same even when their shapes change (volume, area, and number), the ability to think about the way we think; trace our thought processes and evaluate the effectiveness of how we solved a problem, Lawrence Kohlberg's moral developmental theory, stage theory that studies the development of morality and how the ability to reason about ethical situations changes over life, - stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory, researched parent-child interactions and developed the parenting style scales evaluating combinations of warmth and control, emphasized the concept of "zone of proximal development" with which parents/teachers can extend a child's development through "scaffolding", the idea that we internalize messages about gender into cognitive rules about how each gender should behave --> influences the developmental differences between boys and girls, the unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person, the region of the mind Freud believed controlled much of people's behavior, - 1 of 3 parts of Freud's personality theory, defense mechanism where people emulate and attach themselves to an individual who they believe threatens them, methods that the ego uses to reduce anxiety and protect the conscious mind from thoughts that are too painful, defense mechanism that involves not accepting the ego-threatening truth, defense mechanism that involves redirecting one's feeling toward another person or object, often to people less threatening than the source of emotion, defense mechanism that involves believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself, defense mechanism that involves expressing the opposite of how one truly feels, defense mechanism that involves returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior, defense mechanism that involves coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence, defense mechanism that involves undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic, defense mechanism that involves channeling one's frustration toward a different goal --> considered healthy and constructive, an unconscious that Carl Jung believed was passed down through the species and explains certain similarities we see between cultures, universal concepts we all share as part of the human species (example: shadow, hero, etc.)
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